We have developed the checklists below to use with your students or clients to identify behaviors indicative of dyslexia at various age levels. They can help you get an understanding of the behaviors of concern, and provide a starting point for assessment and diagnosis.

The lists contain examples of behaviors that may indicate dyslexia and/or language disability at various ages. We’ve also included some of the behaviors that may be evidenced at any age at the very end of this list.

In addition to identifying the behaviors, it will be important to track how long they have been persisting. You’ll want to help whomever is completing the list understand that an occurrence here or there of one or more of these behaviors should not raise a flag. Concerns are raised if the behaviors occur over an extended period of time, and importantly, adversely affect the individual’s ability to succeed and meet expectations. They need to be reminded that everyone develops differently and the checklists are merely guidelines.

In addition, a family history of dyslexia or reading difficulty will be important to consider.

Have your parent, student, or client complete the checklist through the given age and return it to you to begin a discussion about the potential of dyslexia or, in the case of younger children, a language disability.

3–4 years

At this stage, children are developing the oral language skills necessary for learning to read, spell, and write. They are learning about the sounds (phonemes) of the language and starting to notice letters. Potential indicators include:

Delay in talking
Speech that is difficult to understand (e.g., baby talk)
Difficulty remembering letters in his or her own name
Difficulty in learning and remembering the names of letters
Difficulty learning nursery rhymes
Difficulty remembering and following directions
Does not have a favorite book
Does not sit alone and look at books, does not turn one page at a time, does not know how to open and hold books
Does not know that we read words from left to right
Does not enjoy being read to for extended periods of time (5–15 minutes)

Kindergarten and First Grade

At this stage, children are learning to read. They are continuing to learn about sounds and word parts (e.g., syllables) and they are learning the alphabetic principle (i.e., the letter-sound correspondences). They are also learning how to write letters and words. Potential indicators include:

Cannot separate a compound word into its two words (e.g., rainbow is rain and bow)
Cannot separate words into their individual sounds by the end of Kindergarten (e.g., dog has 3 sounds – /d/, /o/, and /g/.
Has difficulty with letter-sound correspondences (learning the sound ‘duh’ goes with the letter ‘d’.
Reads words with no connection to the letters on the page
Relies heavily on the pictures in a story to “read”
Has difficulty remembering basic sight words
Has difficulty sounding out one-syllable words (e.g., dog, hop, bat, etc.)
Says that they do not like to read and complains about how hard it is to do
Avoids reading

Grades 2–3

Children at this stage have mastered the alphabetic principle (i.e., that the sounds in our language correspond to the letters on the page). They can read and write more complicated words and text. In 3rd grade the curriculum is moving from “learning to read” to “reading to learn.” Potential indicators include:

Difficulty pronouncing or reading long, complicated words
Omits grammatical endings in reading and/or writing (-s, -ed, -ing, etc.)
Difficulty remembering spelling words over time and learning spelling rules
Exhibits many pauses or hesitations when talking
Uses many filler words such as “stuff” or “things” instead of the proper name of objects when talking (i.e., word-finding difficulties)
Needs extra time to formulate sentences
Has difficulty telling a story in sequential order
Has difficulty remembering dates, phone numbers, names, random facts
Is slow in acquiring reading skills
Has no strategies for word attack (figuring out how to sound out a word)
Makes wild guesses and stabs at words
Difficulties reading “functor” words (e.g., for, with, this)
Has messy handwriting

Grades 4–8

At this stage, students have mastered reading and spelling rules and are now expected to learn new information from reading. Potential indicators include:

Has significant difficulty reading and spelling multisyllabic words, often omitting entire syllables as well as making single sound errors
Has a lack of awareness of word structure (e.g., prefixes, roots, suffixes)
Frequently misreads common sight words (e.g., where, there, what, then, when, the, etc.)
Difficulties with reading comprehension and learning new information from text because of underlying decoding difficulties (i.e., sounding out words)
Difficulty learning new vocabulary
Difficulty comprehending text
Problems with spelling
Difficulties organizing ideas for writing
Avoids reading for pleasure
Is not smooth or fluent when reading aloud
Avoids reading aloud
Oral reading lacks inflection and is monotone
Fails to attend to punctuation when reading aloud
Does not perform well on written, timed tests
Does better on oral exams than written

High school, college, and adult

Students at this stage are expected to analyze and synthesize information in written form as well as acquire factual information. Potential indicators include:

Difficulty with automatic word identification that can significantly affect acquisition of knowledge
Slow rate of reading persists
Difficulty with spelling and written composition
Difficulty with note taking in class
Trouble learning a foreign language
Difficulty organizing projects and completing assignments on time

All ages

Individuals with dyslexia show unique patterns of strengths and weaknesses. They may exhibit some of the following characteristics:

Special talents in mechanical abilities, music, art, drama, sports, or creative writing
May have strong visual spatial abilities, but some may exhibit left/right confusion and difficulties with concepts related to time and space
May have strong mathematical skills, but some may have difficulty memorizing math facts and solving word problems
Difficulty with handwriting
Difficulties making and keeping friends or strong social skills. Your child should have accomplished the skills below his or her age and be working on the ones at his or her age level.